ON the Nature of Consciousness
* Conciousness- awareness of internal and external stimuli
* conciousness includes:
1. awareness of external events
2. awareness of internal sesations (heart racing)
3. awareness of self as unique bein having experiences (WHY MEE?)
4. awareness of thoughts about these experiences
* conciousness includes:
1. awareness of external events
2. awareness of internal sesations (heart racing)
3. awareness of self as unique bein having experiences (WHY MEE?)
4. awareness of thoughts about these experiences
Variations in levels of Awareness
* our buddy Siggy Freud said feelings and behavior are influenced by unconcious need, wishes, and conflicts lying below the surface of concious awareness
- conciousness is not an all or none thing
- conciousness is not an all or none thing
The Evolutionary Roots of Consiousness
* Conciousness allowed our ancestors to think through courses of actions and consequences
- then they pick one
* I LIED, NO ONE REALLY KNOWS WHY WE HAVE CONCIOUSNESS
- then they pick one
* I LIED, NO ONE REALLY KNOWS WHY WE HAVE CONCIOUSNESS
Conciousness and Brain Activity
* EEG- device that monitors electrical activity of brain overtime by using electrodes on scalp
- makes lines and tracings called brain waves
- vary in amplitude and frequency
* divided in 4 principle bands
1. beta
2. alpha
3. theta
4. delta
* problem solving= beta waves
* resting= alpha waves
- not too clear
- only correlations
- makes lines and tracings called brain waves
- vary in amplitude and frequency
* divided in 4 principle bands
1. beta
2. alpha
3. theta
4. delta
* problem solving= beta waves
* resting= alpha waves
- not too clear
- only correlations
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
* Biological Rhythms- periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
- in layman's terms: WE HAVE INNER CLOCKS (oooooohhh ahhhhh)
- in layman's terms: WE HAVE INNER CLOCKS (oooooohhh ahhhhh)
Role of Circadian Rhythms
* Circadian Rhythms- 24 hour biological clocks found in humand and a LOT of other species
- influenced by sleep
- also produce a bunch of other crap, like in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions, and othe shtuff
* reading about sleep cycles makes me sleepy, and i can't spell "rhythms" it just looks wrong
* everyone have an optimal time for sleep (it varies per person! like mow my friend broseph, takes naps and stay up 'til 2 AM and I sleep on time)
* circadian rhythms persist even when external time cues are eliminated
- though they last a bit longer
* superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)- sends signal to pineal gland, which secretes melatonin and plays a role in adjusting bio clocks
- influenced by sleep
- also produce a bunch of other crap, like in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions, and othe shtuff
* reading about sleep cycles makes me sleepy, and i can't spell "rhythms" it just looks wrong
* everyone have an optimal time for sleep (it varies per person! like mow my friend broseph, takes naps and stay up 'til 2 AM and I sleep on time)
* circadian rhythms persist even when external time cues are eliminated
- though they last a bit longer
* superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)- sends signal to pineal gland, which secretes melatonin and plays a role in adjusting bio clocks
Ignoring Circadian Rhythms
* Ignore your cycle? --> quality of your sleeps dies
- out of sync w. rhythms= jet lag
- readjustment to time zone takes a day per time zone crossed on avg.
- out of sync w. rhythms= jet lag
- readjustment to time zone takes a day per time zone crossed on avg.
Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms
* Melatonin appears to regulate sleep
- not fail proof-> timing of dose is crucial
- can facilitate day time naps but not night time insomnia
- not fail proof-> timing of dose is crucial
- can facilitate day time naps but not night time insomnia
Cycling Through the Stages of Sleep
* EMG- records of muscular activity and tension
* EOG- records of eye movements
* During sleep you go through stages
Stages 1-4
* Stage 1
- brief transitional stage of light sleep lasting only 1-7 minutes
- breathing and heart rate declines
- theta waves are prominent
- hypnic jerks- brief muscular contraction people have in stage 1
* Stage 2
- lasts 10-25 min
- sleep spindles- brief bursts of higher frequency brain waves (they occur in stage number 2!)
* Stages 3 and 4 (NREM)
- brain waves get higher in amplitude and lower in frequency
-delta waves prominent
- this is also called slow wave sleep (SWS)
- lasts 30 minutes
- after this, cycle reverses itself and go back up to lighter stages
REM Sleep
* REM sleep= the 5th stage! (does it feel like Inception yet?)
* REM stands for rapid eye movements
* Deep stage of sleep (hard to wake peeps from it)
- weird b/c beta waves are prominent (Beta waves= awake and alert)
* Dreams occur here
* non- REM sleep (NREM)- stages 1-4, absence of eye movements
Repeating the Cycle
* People repeat sleep cycle about 4 times
* 1st REM period is sshort and gets longer
-40-60 minutes in length
* EOG- records of eye movements
* During sleep you go through stages
Stages 1-4
* Stage 1
- brief transitional stage of light sleep lasting only 1-7 minutes
- breathing and heart rate declines
- theta waves are prominent
- hypnic jerks- brief muscular contraction people have in stage 1
* Stage 2
- lasts 10-25 min
- sleep spindles- brief bursts of higher frequency brain waves (they occur in stage number 2!)
* Stages 3 and 4 (NREM)
- brain waves get higher in amplitude and lower in frequency
-delta waves prominent
- this is also called slow wave sleep (SWS)
- lasts 30 minutes
- after this, cycle reverses itself and go back up to lighter stages
REM Sleep
* REM sleep= the 5th stage! (does it feel like Inception yet?)
* REM stands for rapid eye movements
* Deep stage of sleep (hard to wake peeps from it)
- weird b/c beta waves are prominent (Beta waves= awake and alert)
* Dreams occur here
* non- REM sleep (NREM)- stages 1-4, absence of eye movements
Repeating the Cycle
* People repeat sleep cycle about 4 times
* 1st REM period is sshort and gets longer
-40-60 minutes in length
Age Trends in Sleep
* Age alters sleep cycle
* Newborns will sleep 6-8 times in a 24 hour period (they're like freaking cats)
- babies have more REM sleep than older people (weird, wth are they gonna dream about?)
* As you get older you get less REM sleep and more stage 1 sleep
* Newborns will sleep 6-8 times in a 24 hour period (they're like freaking cats)
- babies have more REM sleep than older people (weird, wth are they gonna dream about?)
* As you get older you get less REM sleep and more stage 1 sleep
Culture and Sleep
* sleeping doesn't vary much accross cultures except for naps and co-sleeping, so this is basically a BS section
* Co-sleeping- practice of kids and parents sleeping together (and NOT having sex)
- and hell no, I'm not sharing my bed, people be hogging my blanket
* Co-sleeping- practice of kids and parents sleeping together (and NOT having sex)
- and hell no, I'm not sharing my bed, people be hogging my blanket
Neural Bases of Sleep
* reticular formattion keeps you awake
* ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)- different fibers running through reticular formation that influence waking up
* pons--> REM sleep
* limbic system also involved
* Seratonin and GABA--> regulate sleep
* norepinephrine, dopamine, ACh --> involved in sleep and arousal
- no single brain structure=sleep center
* ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)- different fibers running through reticular formation that influence waking up
* pons--> REM sleep
* limbic system also involved
* Seratonin and GABA--> regulate sleep
* norepinephrine, dopamine, ACh --> involved in sleep and arousal
- no single brain structure=sleep center
Evolutionary Bases of Sleep
* why the hell does is matter? Cavemen need sleep too
* they say sleep is adaptive? BUT HOW?
* theory 1: sleep evolved to conserve energy
* theory 2: immobilization related to sleep is adaptive b/c it reduces exposure to predators
* theory 3: sleep is adaptive b/c it helps animals resotre energy and other bodily fluids
* they say sleep is adaptive? BUT HOW?
* theory 1: sleep evolved to conserve energy
* theory 2: immobilization related to sleep is adaptive b/c it reduces exposure to predators
* theory 3: sleep is adaptive b/c it helps animals resotre energy and other bodily fluids
Doing Without: Sleep Deprivation
Complete Deprivation
* negative effects aren't much
* peeps do well on daytime tasks
* would be severe but people can't stay up for too long
Partial Deprivation
* Partial Deprivation- where people get substantially less sleep over a period of time
* effects depend on amount of sleep and nature of task at hand
- negative effects happen when subjects work on monotonous tasks that last long
Selective Deprivation
* Selective deprivation- being deprived of REM sleep or other stage
- little effect on daytime tasks but affects patterns of sleep
- subjects spontaneously slip into REM sleep more and more
* after being able to go back to regular sleep, lots of REM sleep takes place to make up for loss of REM sleep
* Memory consolidation- SWS contribute to firming up learning that happened during the day
* negative effects aren't much
* peeps do well on daytime tasks
* would be severe but people can't stay up for too long
Partial Deprivation
* Partial Deprivation- where people get substantially less sleep over a period of time
* effects depend on amount of sleep and nature of task at hand
- negative effects happen when subjects work on monotonous tasks that last long
Selective Deprivation
* Selective deprivation- being deprived of REM sleep or other stage
- little effect on daytime tasks but affects patterns of sleep
- subjects spontaneously slip into REM sleep more and more
* after being able to go back to regular sleep, lots of REM sleep takes place to make up for loss of REM sleep
* Memory consolidation- SWS contribute to firming up learning that happened during the day
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
* chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
* 3 basic patterns
1. difficulty falling asleep--> younger people
2. difficultyremaining asleep--> older people/ middle aged
3. persistent early morning awakenings
* Prevalence
- estimates vary alot
- everyone suffers it occasionally
- people think they have it when they don't-> called pseudomaniacs
* causes
- anxiety and tension
-can be a side-effect of emotional patterns (depression, and stress)
- use of cocaine and aphetamines(isn't that tylenol?)
* Treatment
- drugs that effects GABA synapses
- bad b/c you become reliant on them and have carryover effects like sluggishness
* rebound insomnia- getting worse insomnia than before your treatment
Other sleep problems
*Narcolepsy- sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
- usually periods of sudden sleep last 10-20 minutes
* Sleep apnea- frequent reflexive gasping for air during sleep and disrupts sleep
- people literally stop breathing for 10 minutes
* Nightmares- anxiety arousing dreams that lead to waking, usually from REM sleep
* night terrors- abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense automatic arousal and feelings of panis
* somnaambulism/ sleep walking- person arises and wanders in sleep
- happens during SWS can last 15 secs- 30 min
- can be genetic
- it is safe to awaken a sleep walker (even recommended so they don't hurt themselves)
* chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
* 3 basic patterns
1. difficulty falling asleep--> younger people
2. difficultyremaining asleep--> older people/ middle aged
3. persistent early morning awakenings
* Prevalence
- estimates vary alot
- everyone suffers it occasionally
- people think they have it when they don't-> called pseudomaniacs
* causes
- anxiety and tension
-can be a side-effect of emotional patterns (depression, and stress)
- use of cocaine and aphetamines(isn't that tylenol?)
* Treatment
- drugs that effects GABA synapses
- bad b/c you become reliant on them and have carryover effects like sluggishness
* rebound insomnia- getting worse insomnia than before your treatment
Other sleep problems
*Narcolepsy- sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
- usually periods of sudden sleep last 10-20 minutes
* Sleep apnea- frequent reflexive gasping for air during sleep and disrupts sleep
- people literally stop breathing for 10 minutes
* Nightmares- anxiety arousing dreams that lead to waking, usually from REM sleep
* night terrors- abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense automatic arousal and feelings of panis
* somnaambulism/ sleep walking- person arises and wanders in sleep
- happens during SWS can last 15 secs- 30 min
- can be genetic
- it is safe to awaken a sleep walker (even recommended so they don't hurt themselves)
The World of Dreams
* dreams have changed the world-> they affected big people's decisions
* dreaming happens in REM and NREM sleep-> more memroable in REM sleep
* dreaming happens in REM and NREM sleep-> more memroable in REM sleep
Contents of Dreams
* usually dreams aren't very exciting-> people tend to recall the more bizarre ones
* people dream most commonly about sex, misfortune, aggression ( i dreamt about drugs.. i'm not a drug taker..)
* dreams are self-centered
* kids recall 20-30% of REM dreams, Adults recall 80%
* people dream most commonly about sex, misfortune, aggression ( i dreamt about drugs.. i'm not a drug taker..)
* dreams are self-centered
* kids recall 20-30% of REM dreams, Adults recall 80%
Links between dreams and waking life
* dreams are affected by things that go on in life
* day residue- waking life tends to spill into dream -> suggested by Freud
* day residue- waking life tends to spill into dream -> suggested by Freud
Culture and Dreams
*western culture-> dreams mean nothing
* non-western culture-> dreams are sources of info about future, oneself, spiritual worlds
* other cultures think of dreams as a different reality
* non-western culture-> dreams are sources of info about future, oneself, spiritual worlds
* other cultures think of dreams as a different reality
Theories of Dreaming
* Purpose of dreams is wish fulfilment-> Freud
* Cognitive problem solving during sleep-> Cartwright
* activation synthesis model- dreams are side-effects of neural activation that produce wide-awake brain waves during REM sleep -> Hobson and McCarthy
* not much support for any of the above
* Cognitive problem solving during sleep-> Cartwright
* activation synthesis model- dreams are side-effects of neural activation that produce wide-awake brain waves during REM sleep -> Hobson and McCarthy
* not much support for any of the above
Hypnosis: Altered Conciousness or Role Playing
* people claimed that they could cure other people by hypnotising them
- one prime example- Mesmer- his tactics worked so well that the french gov't asked for his secret----> word "mesmerize" derived from here
- one prime example- Mesmer- his tactics worked so well that the french gov't asked for his secret----> word "mesmerize" derived from here
Hypnotic Induction and Susceptibility
* Hypnosis- systematic procedure that typically involves a hieghtened state of suggestion
- subjects are usually told how they should feel (you're getting sleepy)
- not everyone can be hypnotized
- read text
- subjects are usually told how they should feel (you're getting sleepy)
- not everyone can be hypnotized
- read text
Hypnotic Phenomena
*effects that can be produced through hypnosis:
1. Anesthesia--> not that effective but can be used
2. sensory distortions and hallucinations- auditory/visual hallucinations can take place
3. disinhibation- making subjects reduce inhibition so that they can do things that are socially undesirable (i smell a sexual harrassment case)
4. posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia- suggestions made during hypnosis may influence subjects later behaviour (i spelled behavior that english way!)
1. Anesthesia--> not that effective but can be used
2. sensory distortions and hallucinations- auditory/visual hallucinations can take place
3. disinhibation- making subjects reduce inhibition so that they can do things that are socially undesirable (i smell a sexual harrassment case)
4. posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia- suggestions made during hypnosis may influence subjects later behaviour (i spelled behavior that english way!)
Theories of Hypnosis
* hypnotic trance- participants put into altered state of conciousness
*failure to change EEG patterns cause theorists to think hypnosis is a normal state of conciousness
- so basically hypnotized people are acting using DRAMATIC role play..
*failure to change EEG patterns cause theorists to think hypnosis is a normal state of conciousness
- so basically hypnotized people are acting using DRAMATIC role play..
Hypnosis as Role Playing
* hypnosis involves dramatic role playing
* people do things they thinkhypnotized people do
* people do things they thinkhypnotized people do
Hypnosis as an Altered State of Conciousness
* some theorists argue that role play can't explain all hypnotic phenomena
-example-hypnosis as an anesthetic, can't do that to please your doctor.
- hypnotized people don't stop the activity when told to do so
* dissociation- splitting off of mental processing into 2 seperate simultaneous streams of awareness
-example-hypnosis as an anesthetic, can't do that to please your doctor.
- hypnotized people don't stop the activity when told to do so
* dissociation- splitting off of mental processing into 2 seperate simultaneous streams of awareness
Meditation: Pure Conciousness or Relaxation
* Meditation- family practices that train attention to heighten awarenedd and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
Physiological Correlates
* in meditation-> alpha and theta waves become prominent
- heart rate, skin conductance, co2 elminination DECLINE
- special state of conciousness????
- high activity in prefrontal cortex
- heart rate, skin conductance, co2 elminination DECLINE
- special state of conciousness????
- high activity in prefrontal cortex
Long-Term Benefits
-reduces stress
- beneficial effects of BP, Self-Esteem, mood, sense of control
-incresed creativity and intelligence
* WARNING: found with poor research
- beneficial effects of BP, Self-Esteem, mood, sense of control
-incresed creativity and intelligence
* WARNING: found with poor research
Altering Conciousness with Drugs
*scare tactics are stupid (as said by the book)
* but still drugs=bad for health reasons. (Amy Winehouse died b/c of drugs.. SHE WAS ONLY 25ISH)
* but still drugs=bad for health reasons. (Amy Winehouse died b/c of drugs.. SHE WAS ONLY 25ISH)
Principal Abused Drugs and their Effects
*psychoactive drugs- chem substances that make mental and emotional and behavioral functions (theses are drugs you use for fun)
Factors Influencing Drugs
* drug effects vary person to person
- also depends on mood
* Tolerance- progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug
- also depends on mood
* Tolerance- progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug
Mechanisms of Drug Action
* Aphetamines affect NE and dopamine
- increases release and interferes with reuptake
* crash= slowing of reuptake leaving enzymes that breakdown a hell of a lot of the neurotrans. at one time
* 2 drugs are synergistic if the combines effect of them are greater than both of them separately (I CAN'T SPELL THAT WORD AND THIS GOD FORSAKEN THNG DOESN'T HAVE SPELL CHECK, WHAT KIND OF AN INTERNET HOSTING WEBSITE DOESN'T HAVE SPELL CHECK????) oh and an example of synergism is like alcohol with a tylenol or something
*all abused drugs increase activity in mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- increases release and interferes with reuptake
* crash= slowing of reuptake leaving enzymes that breakdown a hell of a lot of the neurotrans. at one time
* 2 drugs are synergistic if the combines effect of them are greater than both of them separately (I CAN'T SPELL THAT WORD AND THIS GOD FORSAKEN THNG DOESN'T HAVE SPELL CHECK, WHAT KIND OF AN INTERNET HOSTING WEBSITE DOESN'T HAVE SPELL CHECK????) oh and an example of synergism is like alcohol with a tylenol or something
*all abused drugs increase activity in mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Drug Dependence
* physical dependence - person must take drug or they will die (literally)
* psychological dependence- person must take drugs or they will go crazy
* psychological dependence- person must take drugs or they will go crazy
Drugs and Health
Overdose
*depressants--> greatest risk of overdose
- respiratory system halts, causing brain damage
Direct Effects
* some drugs can cause tissue damage (snorting coke will kill your nose tissues, besides guys, that sound painful)
Indirect Effects
* impact on behavior
* IV drug users can spread disease
*depressants--> greatest risk of overdose
- respiratory system halts, causing brain damage
Direct Effects
* some drugs can cause tissue damage (snorting coke will kill your nose tissues, besides guys, that sound painful)
Indirect Effects
* impact on behavior
* IV drug users can spread disease