Prenatal Development
* Zygote- one celled organism that iss formed by union of sperm and egg
* prenatal period-> conception to birth
stages of Prenatal Development
1. Germinal Stage
- 1st 2 weeks after conception
- within 36 hours-> rapid cell division
- cells migrate to uterus and stick to walls (zygote either rejected or accepted)
-placenta forms
2. Embryonic
-2 weeks to a month
- start formation of heart, spine, and brain
- end of this stage you get arms, legs, feet, toes, and eyes
- structural defects and miscarriages occur at this stage
3. Fetal stage
-2mos to birth
- get muscles and bones
-movement
-22-26 weeks
- age of viability- age that baby can survive premature birth
Environmental Factors
* maternal nutrition
- malnutrition= bad
- happens in more poverty stricken areas
* maternal drug use
- all recreational drugs can pass through placenta and damage baby
- crack and meth babies
-fetal alcohol syndrome
smoking is bad too- lack of oxygen to baby
* all of the above are taratagens -things that are harmful to baby
* prenatal period-> conception to birth
stages of Prenatal Development
1. Germinal Stage
- 1st 2 weeks after conception
- within 36 hours-> rapid cell division
- cells migrate to uterus and stick to walls (zygote either rejected or accepted)
-placenta forms
2. Embryonic
-2 weeks to a month
- start formation of heart, spine, and brain
- end of this stage you get arms, legs, feet, toes, and eyes
- structural defects and miscarriages occur at this stage
3. Fetal stage
-2mos to birth
- get muscles and bones
-movement
-22-26 weeks
- age of viability- age that baby can survive premature birth
Environmental Factors
* maternal nutrition
- malnutrition= bad
- happens in more poverty stricken areas
* maternal drug use
- all recreational drugs can pass through placenta and damage baby
- crack and meth babies
-fetal alcohol syndrome
smoking is bad too- lack of oxygen to baby
* all of the above are taratagens -things that are harmful to baby
List of newborm reflexes (look up videos of this)
-rooting
-sucking
-swallow
-swimming
-stepping
-grasping
-babinski
-moro
* all lost withing 1 year of age
-sucking
-swallow
-swimming
-stepping
-grasping
-babinski
-moro
* all lost withing 1 year of age
Erik Eriksonn's 8 stages
1. trust vs. mistrust
- 1st year of life where child is dependent
- success-> optimistic trustiong
- unsuccessful-> distrusting pessimistic
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- 2&3 years
-child starts learning to take personal responsibilty
- success-> confidence selfsufficiency
-not success-> figure it out idiot
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3-6 yrs
-kids experiment and take intiative (rebellion)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
-6- puberty
- learning to function socially
-industry- high acheivement valued, high confidence
- inferiority- opposite
5. Identity vs. confusion
- early adulthood
- ID achievement- successful achievement of a sense of ID (worked for it, BEST ONE)
- ID foreclosure- unquestioning what parents want
- ID Moratorium- active struggling for ID
- ID diffusion- don't know don't care
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
- early adulthood- whether one can develop intimacy
7. Generativity vs. self absorption
- middle age- should acquire concern about future
- can go through midlife crisis- self absorbed
8. Integrity vs, despair
- avoidance of tendency to dwell on mistakes of past and on ones of imminent death (integrity)
- 1st year of life where child is dependent
- success-> optimistic trustiong
- unsuccessful-> distrusting pessimistic
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- 2&3 years
-child starts learning to take personal responsibilty
- success-> confidence selfsufficiency
-not success-> figure it out idiot
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3-6 yrs
-kids experiment and take intiative (rebellion)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
-6- puberty
- learning to function socially
-industry- high acheivement valued, high confidence
- inferiority- opposite
5. Identity vs. confusion
- early adulthood
- ID achievement- successful achievement of a sense of ID (worked for it, BEST ONE)
- ID foreclosure- unquestioning what parents want
- ID Moratorium- active struggling for ID
- ID diffusion- don't know don't care
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
- early adulthood- whether one can develop intimacy
7. Generativity vs. self absorption
- middle age- should acquire concern about future
- can go through midlife crisis- self absorbed
8. Integrity vs, despair
- avoidance of tendency to dwell on mistakes of past and on ones of imminent death (integrity)
Piaget's stage theory
* assimilation- interpreting new experiences of mental structures w/o changing them
* accomodation- changing existiong mental structures to explain them
* 4 stages for piaget
1. sesorimotor
- birth to 2 yrs
- gradual appearance of symbolic thought
- object permanence - when a child recognizes that an object still exists even when it's out of sight
2. Preoperational
- 2-7 yrs.
- conservation- awareness that physical quantities remain constant even though there are changes in shape/ appearance
- centration- focus on one part of problem
-irreversability- inability to reverse an action
- egocentrism- thinking characterized by limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
- includes animism-( belief all things are living)
3. Concrete operational
- 7-11 yrs.
- children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events
- kids master reversability and decentration
- something about hiercharcal classification
4. formal operational
- begins 11 yrs.
- apply operations to abstract concepts
* accomodation- changing existiong mental structures to explain them
* 4 stages for piaget
1. sesorimotor
- birth to 2 yrs
- gradual appearance of symbolic thought
- object permanence - when a child recognizes that an object still exists even when it's out of sight
2. Preoperational
- 2-7 yrs.
- conservation- awareness that physical quantities remain constant even though there are changes in shape/ appearance
- centration- focus on one part of problem
-irreversability- inability to reverse an action
- egocentrism- thinking characterized by limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
- includes animism-( belief all things are living)
3. Concrete operational
- 7-11 yrs.
- children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events
- kids master reversability and decentration
- something about hiercharcal classification
4. formal operational
- begins 11 yrs.
- apply operations to abstract concepts
Kohlberg's moral reasoning
1. preconventional level: young kids... obedience and punishment
2. conventional- good boy/ good girl (look for reward) and law and order( rules necessary)
3. postconventional- work out personal code of ethics.. social contract or principal consciences.
2. conventional- good boy/ good girl (look for reward) and law and order( rules necessary)
3. postconventional- work out personal code of ethics.. social contract or principal consciences.
Parenting styles
* authoritarian
-set rules
- expect complete obedience
- "because I said so" all the time
* authoritative (best one)
- demanding but responsive
- set rules with reason
* permissive
- few demands made
- childs' "friend" (calling for bratty kids)
* rejecting/ neglectiful
- self explanatory
-set rules
- expect complete obedience
- "because I said so" all the time
* authoritative (best one)
- demanding but responsive
- set rules with reason
* permissive
- few demands made
- childs' "friend" (calling for bratty kids)
* rejecting/ neglectiful
- self explanatory