* I'm not defining phobia, idiot
*Classical Conditioning- type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (aka pavlonian conditioning)
- ex: dentist drill-> originally you cringe when the drill hits your teeth but bow you cringe just by the damn sound of it.
*Classical Conditioning- type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (aka pavlonian conditioning)
- ex: dentist drill-> originally you cringe when the drill hits your teeth but bow you cringe just by the damn sound of it.
Pavlov's Demonstration: Psychic Reflexes
* Pavlov is important-> russian physiologist who was obsessed w/ research (as said in book)
- he was studying the digestive process when...
- he wanted to study salivation in dogs: they heard a bell, there'd be meat powder, dogs got used to this and would salivate before the meat came out (when bell rang)
- he was studying the digestive process when...
- he wanted to study salivation in dogs: they heard a bell, there'd be meat powder, dogs got used to this and would salivate before the meat came out (when bell rang)
Terminology and Procedures
* unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning (natural stuff)
* unconditioned response (UCR)- unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w/o previous conditioning
* Conditioned stimulus (CS)- a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, got the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
* think like this-> unconditioned-> instinct
conditioned-> learned
* clasically conditioned responses are said to be elicited (drawn forth)b/c most of them are automatic
- nowadays we know they don't have to be automatic
*trial- classical conditioning consists of any presentationf of stimulus or pair of stimuli
* unconditioned response (UCR)- unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w/o previous conditioning
* Conditioned stimulus (CS)- a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, got the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
* think like this-> unconditioned-> instinct
conditioned-> learned
* clasically conditioned responses are said to be elicited (drawn forth)b/c most of them are automatic
- nowadays we know they don't have to be automatic
*trial- classical conditioning consists of any presentationf of stimulus or pair of stimuli
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
Conditioned fears
* Classical conditioning= key role in fears
- phobias are usually traced back to experiences in past
*drill example:
- unconditioned stimulus-> pain from drill hitting teeth
- conditioned stimulus-> sound of drill
- conditioned response-> you cringing at sound of drill
Other conditioned emotional responses
* these aren't limited to fear
* read this goddamn story about beeman's gum and stuff in your book.
* Classical conditioning= key role in fears
- phobias are usually traced back to experiences in past
*drill example:
- unconditioned stimulus-> pain from drill hitting teeth
- conditioned stimulus-> sound of drill
- conditioned response-> you cringing at sound of drill
Other conditioned emotional responses
* these aren't limited to fear
* read this goddamn story about beeman's gum and stuff in your book.
Conditioning and Psychological Response
* doesn't only effect outside behavior but inside behavior too
* research has been done where you can get an injection for production of antibodies and have a weird tasting drink , after a while you drink the drink and get antibodies w/o the injection
* research has been done where you can get an injection for production of antibodies and have a weird tasting drink , after a while you drink the drink and get antibodies w/o the injection
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
*Steps in classical conditioning:
1. Acquisition: forming new responses
- Acquisition- initial stage of learning something
- stimuli are contiguous if they occur together in time and space
- not all stimuli can be contiguous-> have to be novel and unusual to become a CS
2. extinction- weakening of conditioned response
- stimulus responses don't last forever or else no one would learn anything
- extinction- gradual weakening and dissappearance of a conditioned response
-if you don't experience the UCS periodically the CS will weaken
3. spontaneous recovery: resurrecting responses
- spontaneous recovery- reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the CS
- 1st spontaneouse recovery is stronger than 2nd one
- response can come back if you're in the environment where is was developed-> renewal effect
Stimulus Generalization
* Stimulus generalization- organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds the same way to a new stimuli that's like the original
- phobias of things happen this way
* read about little albert and the white rat
Stimulus discrimination
* stimulus discrimination- organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to the new stimuli that are similiar to the original stimulus
- example in the textbook... just read man.. get the memo yet?
* the less similiar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater likelihood of discrimination
High order conditioning
* high order conditioning- conditional stimulus functions as if it were a UCR
* CS-> UCS and then theres a new NS and CS
* UCS doesn't always have to be natural
1. Acquisition: forming new responses
- Acquisition- initial stage of learning something
- stimuli are contiguous if they occur together in time and space
- not all stimuli can be contiguous-> have to be novel and unusual to become a CS
2. extinction- weakening of conditioned response
- stimulus responses don't last forever or else no one would learn anything
- extinction- gradual weakening and dissappearance of a conditioned response
-if you don't experience the UCS periodically the CS will weaken
3. spontaneous recovery: resurrecting responses
- spontaneous recovery- reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the CS
- 1st spontaneouse recovery is stronger than 2nd one
- response can come back if you're in the environment where is was developed-> renewal effect
Stimulus Generalization
* Stimulus generalization- organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds the same way to a new stimuli that's like the original
- phobias of things happen this way
* read about little albert and the white rat
Stimulus discrimination
* stimulus discrimination- organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to the new stimuli that are similiar to the original stimulus
- example in the textbook... just read man.. get the memo yet?
* the less similiar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater likelihood of discrimination
High order conditioning
* high order conditioning- conditional stimulus functions as if it were a UCR
* CS-> UCS and then theres a new NS and CS
* UCS doesn't always have to be natural
Operant Conditioning
* Operant conditioning- form of learning when responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Thorndike's Law of Effect
* Operant learning also called instrumental learning
*Law of effect- response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects , association btwn stimulus and response is strengthened
*Law of effect- response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects , association btwn stimulus and response is strengthened
Skinner's Demonstration: It's a matter of consequences
* Skinner said that organisms repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences
* reinforcement- even following response increases an organism's tendency to make that response (e.g. I drop my thoughts randomly on this page-> people like it -> i do it more)
* reinforcement- even following response increases an organism's tendency to make that response (e.g. I drop my thoughts randomly on this page-> people like it -> i do it more)
Terminology and Procedures
*Operant chamber/ Skinner Box- Small space where animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the responses are systematically controlled
* reinforcement contingencies- circumstances/rules that determine whether response lead to presentation of reinforces
-btw, none of this makes sense right now so pay attention in class
- experimenter manipulates if positive consequences occur after animal makes designated response
* dependent variable= response rate to certain things
* cumulative reorder- graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time
- rapid response ratemakes steep slope and vice versa
* reinforcement contingencies- circumstances/rules that determine whether response lead to presentation of reinforces
-btw, none of this makes sense right now so pay attention in class
- experimenter manipulates if positive consequences occur after animal makes designated response
* dependent variable= response rate to certain things
* cumulative reorder- graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time
- rapid response ratemakes steep slope and vice versa
Basic Process in Operant Conditioning
Acquisition and Shaping
* 1st stage in learning
* Shaping- reinforcement of closer and closer approximates of a desired response
- necessary when an organism doesn't give desired response on it's own
- Key to training animals to do things
Extinction
* Gradual weakening and dissappearance of response tendency b/c response is no longer followed by reinforcer
- 1st there's a surge in response then it declines (driven down into the freaking pavement)
* resistance to extinction- organism continues to make a response after delivery of reinforcement has been terminated --> little resistance to extinction= quick extinction
* 1st stage in learning
* Shaping- reinforcement of closer and closer approximates of a desired response
- necessary when an organism doesn't give desired response on it's own
- Key to training animals to do things
Extinction
* Gradual weakening and dissappearance of response tendency b/c response is no longer followed by reinforcer
- 1st there's a surge in response then it declines (driven down into the freaking pavement)
* resistance to extinction- organism continues to make a response after delivery of reinforcement has been terminated --> little resistance to extinction= quick extinction
Stimulus Control: Generalization and Discrimination
* Operant responding controlled by stimulus
* Discriminative stimuli- cues that influence operant behavior by indicating probable consequences of a response
- can be found everywhere
* Discriminative stimuli- cues that influence operant behavior by indicating probable consequences of a response
- can be found everywhere
Reinforcement: Consequences that Strengthen Responses
* Skinner says: reinforcement occurs when an outcome strengthens a response
Delayed Reinforcement
* Favorable outcome is likely to strengthen a response when treat comes immediately
* If it's delayed response may not be strengthened
Conditioned Reinforcement
*Primary reinforcers- events that are inherently reinforcing b/c they satisfy biological needs
-hunger
* Secondary/ conditioned reinforcers- events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated w/ primary reinforcers
- love for money, flattery
Delayed Reinforcement
* Favorable outcome is likely to strengthen a response when treat comes immediately
* If it's delayed response may not be strengthened
Conditioned Reinforcement
*Primary reinforcers- events that are inherently reinforcing b/c they satisfy biological needs
-hunger
* Secondary/ conditioned reinforcers- events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated w/ primary reinforcers
- love for money, flattery
Intermittent Reinforcement: Effects of Basic Schedules
* Most responses are only reinforced sometimes
* Schedule of reinforcement- Which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
* Continuous reinforcement- occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
-intermittent reinforcement- designated response is reinforced only sometimes
- intermittent reinforcement doesn't become extinct as much as continuous reinforcement
* 4 main types of reinforcement schedules
- Fixed ratio (FR) schedule- reinforcer is given fixed # of non reinforced responses
- Variable ratio (VR) schedule- reinforcer is given after variable # of non reinforced responses
- Fixed Interval (FI) schedule- reinforcer is given for the first response that happens after a given time limit
- Variable Interval (VI) schedule- reinforcer given for first response after a variable time interval passed
I got lazy on making things individually red
* Btwn FR and VR-> VR has higher resistance to extinction
* Btwn FI and VI -> VI has higherresistance to extinction
* Schedule of reinforcement- Which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
* Continuous reinforcement- occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
-intermittent reinforcement- designated response is reinforced only sometimes
- intermittent reinforcement doesn't become extinct as much as continuous reinforcement
* 4 main types of reinforcement schedules
- Fixed ratio (FR) schedule- reinforcer is given fixed # of non reinforced responses
- Variable ratio (VR) schedule- reinforcer is given after variable # of non reinforced responses
- Fixed Interval (FI) schedule- reinforcer is given for the first response that happens after a given time limit
- Variable Interval (VI) schedule- reinforcer given for first response after a variable time interval passed
I got lazy on making things individually red
* Btwn FR and VR-> VR has higher resistance to extinction
* Btwn FI and VI -> VI has higherresistance to extinction
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement and Study of Choice
* concurrent sched. of reinforcement- 2 or more reinforcement schedules that operate simultaneously and independently for a different response
* Matching law- under concurrent sched. of reinforcement organisms' relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alt.s relative rate of reinforcement
- magnitude or quality= changed-> organisms will adjust to their responding to reinforcement perfectly
* optimal foraying theory- food seeking behaviors of many animals maximize nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended to locate, secure, and consume various foods
- small prey easy to catch or big prey and hard to get?
* Matching law- under concurrent sched. of reinforcement organisms' relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alt.s relative rate of reinforcement
- magnitude or quality= changed-> organisms will adjust to their responding to reinforcement perfectly
* optimal foraying theory- food seeking behaviors of many animals maximize nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended to locate, secure, and consume various foods
- small prey easy to catch or big prey and hard to get?
Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement
* Pos. reinforcement- response is strengthened b/c it's followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
* Neg. reinforcement- response is strengthened due to removal of an aversive stimulus (unpleasant)
* Neg. reinforcement- response is strengthened due to removal of an aversive stimulus (unpleasant)
Negative Reinforcement and Avoidance Behavior
Escape Learning
*Escape learning- organism gets response that decreases or ends aversive stimulation
Avoidance Learning
* Avoidance learning- organism gets a response that prevent aversive stimulus from occurring
- responses tend to be long lasting
2 process theory of avoidance
* Avoidance response removes internal aversive stimulus => fear
* explains why avoidance behaviors (e.g phobias) are resistant to extinction
*Escape learning- organism gets response that decreases or ends aversive stimulation
Avoidance Learning
* Avoidance learning- organism gets a response that prevent aversive stimulus from occurring
- responses tend to be long lasting
2 process theory of avoidance
* Avoidance response removes internal aversive stimulus => fear
* explains why avoidance behaviors (e.g phobias) are resistant to extinction
Punishment: Consequences that Weaken Responses
* Punishment- when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
- punishment usually involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus
- also can involve removal of rewarding stimulus
THIS IS NOT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT! THEY ARE OPPOSITES!
* Punishment can make strong emotional responses --> badones
-physical punishment usually leads to agressive behavior
- side-effects of make is a less ideal of a parenting strategy (lesson here: don't have kids)
* and if you do have kids:
-apply punishment swiftly (WAIT TIL YOUR DAD GETS HOME, NOT)
- use punishment that's only severe enough to be effective (don't kill your kid)
- make punishment consistent
- explain punishment (do it, or you'll gow up sonfused like me) <--- see what i did there?
- minimize dependence on physical punishment (as tempting as it may be)
- punishment usually involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus
- also can involve removal of rewarding stimulus
THIS IS NOT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT! THEY ARE OPPOSITES!
* Punishment can make strong emotional responses --> badones
-physical punishment usually leads to agressive behavior
- side-effects of make is a less ideal of a parenting strategy (lesson here: don't have kids)
* and if you do have kids:
-apply punishment swiftly (WAIT TIL YOUR DAD GETS HOME, NOT)
- use punishment that's only severe enough to be effective (don't kill your kid)
- make punishment consistent
- explain punishment (do it, or you'll gow up sonfused like me) <--- see what i did there?
- minimize dependence on physical punishment (as tempting as it may be)