* Neuron- individual cells in nervous system
* Nerve- Bundle of neurons
* on average, humans have 100 billiob neurons in brain alone
* longest neuron in human is 3 ft (skinnier than a strand of hair and hard to see)
* Nodes of Ranvier- gaps between glial cells
* resting state of neuron is slightly neg (-70- -80 milivolts)
* electrical charge raises each time a signal goes through umtil it reaches the absolute threshold
* Then it goes to action potential and fires!
* Nerve- Bundle of neurons
* on average, humans have 100 billiob neurons in brain alone
* longest neuron in human is 3 ft (skinnier than a strand of hair and hard to see)
* Nodes of Ranvier- gaps between glial cells
* resting state of neuron is slightly neg (-70- -80 milivolts)
* electrical charge raises each time a signal goes through umtil it reaches the absolute threshold
* Then it goes to action potential and fires!
The Steps of what's happening in the above picture:
1. Signal (nerve impulse) sent to a vescle
2. Vescicles get released and open up releasing neurotrans. everywhere
3. neurotrans. goes to receptor site
4. enzymes come in and break down neurotransmitters
OR
If not taken in by receptors sites, they go back into where they came from (called reuptake)
1. Signal (nerve impulse) sent to a vescle
2. Vescicles get released and open up releasing neurotrans. everywhere
3. neurotrans. goes to receptor site
4. enzymes come in and break down neurotransmitters
OR
If not taken in by receptors sites, they go back into where they came from (called reuptake)
Organization of this biznitch
Brain and Nervous System Analysis
* In the olden days, the analyzed the brain in autopsies after bad things happened to people
* Phineas Gage- Tamping rod went into his skull
- he lived
- before accident- super nice, able to keep jobs, pleasant man
- after accident- fight alot, bad judgement
*What the hell happened?
- Connection betwen limbic system and forebrain had been severed
- no longer able to control emotions
- forebrain= judgement
- limbic system- contains amygdyla- controls strong emotions
* EEG
- Measures electrical signals
- used to analyze brainwave patterns associated with certain activities or stimuli
- only provides external things, only brain activity, no locus
* Stereotaxic Instrument
- placement of electrical leads
- can be used for electrical stimulation, lesioning studies,
* CT/CAT scan
- comp. enhanced x-ray
- inexpensive
- shows structure not function
- poor at soft tissue imaging
- most widely used
- usually start with this type of scan when injured
* PET and SPECT scans
-uses radioactively tagged surars to measure energy use, also uses tagged neurotrans. and oxygen
- shows activity in brain
- colorcoded
- spatial resolution is lower than an MRI's
* MRI
- uses magnetic feilds, radiofrequency waves, and computer enhancement
- super precise resolution
- super expensive
- can be 3D
Saggital view- side
Coronal view- front
Axial view- top
* Phineas Gage- Tamping rod went into his skull
- he lived
- before accident- super nice, able to keep jobs, pleasant man
- after accident- fight alot, bad judgement
*What the hell happened?
- Connection betwen limbic system and forebrain had been severed
- no longer able to control emotions
- forebrain= judgement
- limbic system- contains amygdyla- controls strong emotions
* EEG
- Measures electrical signals
- used to analyze brainwave patterns associated with certain activities or stimuli
- only provides external things, only brain activity, no locus
* Stereotaxic Instrument
- placement of electrical leads
- can be used for electrical stimulation, lesioning studies,
* CT/CAT scan
- comp. enhanced x-ray
- inexpensive
- shows structure not function
- poor at soft tissue imaging
- most widely used
- usually start with this type of scan when injured
* PET and SPECT scans
-uses radioactively tagged surars to measure energy use, also uses tagged neurotrans. and oxygen
- shows activity in brain
- colorcoded
- spatial resolution is lower than an MRI's
* MRI
- uses magnetic feilds, radiofrequency waves, and computer enhancement
- super precise resolution
- super expensive
- can be 3D
Saggital view- side
Coronal view- front
Axial view- top
Parts of Brain
diagram located at ch. 3
* Frontal Lobe- critical thinking, judgement, motivation
- contains primary motor cortex- movement
* Parietal Lobe- registers touch, body's position in space
- contains somatosensory cortex- touch
* occipital libe- visula processing (think optometrist, occipital, o's look like eyeballs)
- primary visual cortex
* Temporal lobe- hearing, some balance, parts of speech, recognizing faces
* Frontal Lobe- critical thinking, judgement, motivation
- contains primary motor cortex- movement
* Parietal Lobe- registers touch, body's position in space
- contains somatosensory cortex- touch
* occipital libe- visula processing (think optometrist, occipital, o's look like eyeballs)
- primary visual cortex
* Temporal lobe- hearing, some balance, parts of speech, recognizing faces